Regulation A+ Offering: Hype or Reality?

Regulation A+, a relatively new fundraising mechanism, has gained significant attention from both investors and businesses. Proponents laud its potential to empower access to capital for entrepreneurs, while critics raise questions about its effectiveness.

The promise of Regulation A+ lies in its ability to harness the power of crowdfunding to raise funds from a wide pool of investors. This, in theory, can furnish businesses with an alternative to traditional financing sources and foster economic development. However, the obstacles associated with navigating the regulatory landscape and the possibility of fraud remain significant concerns.

As the Regulation A+ ecosystem matures, it will be essential to achieve a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring investor protection. Only then can Regulation A+ truly realize its full promise.

Reg A+ | MOFO

MOFO's legal professionals is familiar with Regulation A+, a regulation under the Federal securities laws that allows companies to raise capital through public offerings. Employing this method, businesses can access funding for growth while meeting the requirements of regulatory guidelines. Our experienced advisors guide companies through every phase of the Regulation A+ procedure, ensuring a successful and legally sound offering.

Summarize Title IV Regulation A+ regarding Me

Manhattan Street Capital is a crowdfunding platform that specializes in helping companies raise capital through Title IV Regulation A+. This regulation allows private companies to sell securities to the public and raise up to $75 million per year. Companies can use this funding for multiple purposes, such as expanding operations, developing new products, or acquiring other businesses. Manhattan Street Capital provides a detailed platform that guides companies through the entire Regulation A+ process, from filing to investor relations.

If you're a company looking to raise capital, Manhattan Street Capital's expertise in Title IV Regulation A+ can be a beneficial asset.

New Reg A+ Solution: What Is A Reg - We Possess All Of Them

investors

Navigating the world of securities offerings can be complex. That's why we've become experts in Reg A+, a powerful tool that allows companies to raise capital from the public. Whether an entrepreneur seeking funding or an investor looking for new opportunities, Reg A+ could be the perfect solution. Our team is dedicated to providing clear, concise support throughout the entire process.

We understand that every company has unique needs. That's why we offer a range of customized services tailored to your specific goals. From initial consultation to final filing, we'll be there every step of the way to ensure a smooth and successful Reg A+ offering.

  • Explore the benefits of Reg A+ for your business.
  • Obtain our expert knowledge and experience in navigating the regulatory landscape.
  • Optimize your chances of a successful capital raise.

Regulation A+ Explained For Startups

Launching a startup is an exciting journey filled with creativity. But amidst the hustle and bustle of building your dream, navigating the complex world of compliance can feel daunting. A key piece of the puzzle for startups seeking funding is understanding Regulation A+, a unique mechanism that allows companies to raise capital from the public. Regulation A+ offers a streamlined path to going public, potentially unlocking significant growth opportunities.

  • Key benefits of Regulation A+ include expanded investor access, increased investment possibilities, and a more accessible fundraising process. Startups considering this option should carefully research the specific requirements and implications.
  • Consulting from experienced legal and financial professionals is highly recommended to ensure a smooth legislative pathway. Regulation A+ can be a powerful tool for startups seeking to achieve their ambitions, but it's essential to approach it with a clear understanding of the system and its potential impact.

How Regulation A+ Equity Crowdfunding

Regulation A+, also known as Reg A+, acts as a powerful mechanism for businesses desiring to raise capital through equity crowdfunding. It presents a streamlined pathway for companies to offer and their securities to the public, such as retail investors. Under Reg A+, companies can raise up to twenty-five million dollars in a year, granting them with access to a wider pool of capital than traditionally available through private offerings.

The process for Reg A+ equity crowdfunding comprises several key phases. First, companies must prepare and file a detailed offering statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This document provides investors with a thorough overview of the company, its business plan, and the risks connected to the investment.

Once the the SEC has reviewed and approved the offering statement, companies can launch their securities to investors through various mediums. This can include online platforms dedicated to equity crowdfunding, as well as traditional promotional methods.

{Ultimately, Regulation A+ provides a practical avenue for businesses to secure funding through the power of the crowd. By making it simpler for companies to engage with investors, Reg A+ has the potential to drive economic growth.

Regulation A+ Offering

FundAthena is a service leveraging the power of Regulation A+, offering entities the opportunity to contribute in promising projects. This unique funding mechanism allows companies to raise substantial capital from a wider range of sources, while providing investors with opportunity to high-growth ventures. FundAthena's experienced team streamlines the entire Regulation A+ process, ensuring a efficient experience for both companies and their supporters.

Speculative Frontier Stock Securities

Venture into the burgeoning realm of Blank-check Colonial Stock Securities, where history meets innovative finance. These unique instruments grant investors access to a diverse portfolio of newly established establishments. Each holding represents a stake in the potentialexpansion of these captivating ventures. Pursue this unconventional opportunity to influence to the reconstruction of our collective past.

Our Discovery

Finally, after years of tireless searching, our team has made a breakthrough! We've located a rare artifact. It's in excellent condition, and we believe it could hold the key to revealing long-lost histories. This is a moment of jubilation for our entire team.

  • Initial| inspections are already underway, and we're eager to share more details soon.

Raising Funds - Title IV Reg A+

Delve into the exciting world of Reg A+ Crowdfunding with our insightful infographic. Discover how this powerful regulatory framework can empower your venture to reach new heights . Explore the key features of Title IV Reg A+ and understand its influence on the modern investment ecosystem .

Whether you're a seasoned entrepreneur or just starting out, this infographic provides valuable insights into the intricacies of Title IV Reg A+. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the process, eligibility requirements, and potential rewards. Learn how to effectively leverage this unique funding opportunity to fuel your expansion . Don't miss out on this essential resource for anyone interested in exploring the exciting realm of Title IV fundraising.

  • Dive deeper into the world of Title IV Reg A+ today!

Regulation A+ - Securex Filings LLC

Securex Filings LLC is a a leading provider for businesses seeking to leverage the potential of Regulation A+ offerings. Demonstrating extensive experience in securities law and the intricacies of capital raising, Securex Filings LLC delivers a comprehensive range of services designed to streamline the Regulation A+ journey . From early consultations to closing , their committed team supports issuers through every step of the regulatory framework .

  • Securex Filings LLC focus on supporting businesses in understanding the complexities of Regulation A+.
  • Businesses take advantage of Securex Filings LLC's experience to increase their chances of a smooth Reg A+ offering.

Discover Crowdfund.co

Crowdfund.co is a/provides/serves as a platform/an online hub/a resource for individuals/people/backers to invest in/support/fund innovative/exciting/groundbreaking projects. Through/On/Via this website/platform/marketplace, creators/developers/entrepreneurs can raise/secure/gather capital/funding/money for their ideas/ventures/projects. Crowdfund.co offers/presents/features a variety/range/selection of categories/fields/industries for investors/backers/donors to choose from/select/explore. Whether you're/If you are/You might be looking to/searching for/interested in making an impact/supporting innovative ideas/finding investment opportunities, Crowdfund.co could be/might be/can be the perfect place/ideal destination/go-to resource.

Fundrise Reg A Offering

Fundrise has recently launched its latest Reg A offering. This type of capital raise allows individuals to invest in Fundrise's portfolio of real estate properties. The offering is scheduled to close and presents a unique investment avenue for investors seeking exposure to the commercial real estate market. Fundrise has demonstrated consistent performance with its previous Reg A offerings.

Investors interested in learning more about the Fundrise Reg A offering should visit the company's website. There, they can discover information on the terms and conditions. Before making any investment decisions, it is always advisable to conduct thorough research and discuss your options.

The

The Securities and Exchange Commission is/serves as/acts as the primary regulatory/governing/overseeing body for securities/financial markets/investments in the United States/America. Established/Founded/Created in 1934/the early 20th century, the SEC is tasked with/aims to/strives to protect/ensure the fairness and integrity of/maintain financial markets/transactions/instruments by enforcing federal securities laws/regulations/guidelines. Its/The responsibilities include/encompass/extend to registering/regulating/overseeing broker-dealers, investment advisors, and mutual funds, as well as investigating potential fraud/violations of securities laws/market manipulation. The SEC also plays a key role in/actively participates in educating/informing/raising awareness the public about investment risks/securities regulations/financial literacy.

Propel Your Funding Journey With CrowdExpert Title IV Reg A+ Equity Crowdfunding

CrowdExpert Title IV Reg A+ Equity Crowdfunding offers entrepreneurs a unique and dynamic platform to acquire the funding they require for growth and expansion. Leveraging the power of the crowdfunding, CrowdExpert connects projects with backers who are passionate about success. By offering shares of equity in exchange for investments, businesses can tap into a reservoir of capital from a diverse pool of individuals. This method of funding not only provides economic support but also fosters awareness for the project, building a strong foundation for future expansion.

  • Enjoy from a streamlined and transparent process
  • Reach a wider audience of qualified investors
  • Propel your expansion through targeted funding

Experimenting the Waters

Before diving headfirst into any new venture, it's wise to test the waters first. This involves carefully observing the current situation. By gathering information, you can determine the potential response of your idea. It's a strategic approach that can help you avoid risks.

Funding for Everyone

The concept of project financing is no longer a niche practice. It's shifted into a powerful tool that allows individuals and businesses to raise funds directly from the public. This democratization of funding has opened up a world of opportunities for innovative projects, enabling them to bring their visions to life without relying on traditional sources like banks or investors. By tapping into the collective power of the crowd, crowdfunding campaigns have become a popular way to fund everything from artistic endeavors to social causes.

  • Platforms like Kickstarter and Indiegogo have become central hubs for crowdfunding projects, connecting creators with potential backers.
  • The rise of online communities has further amplified the reach of crowdfunding campaigns, allowing them to attract attention quickly.
  • Success stories abound in the world of crowdfunding, demonstrating its ability to bring impactful change.

As crowdfunding continues to grow, it's clear that this revolutionary model has the potential to reshape the way we approach investment. It empowers individuals, fosters collaboration, and unlocks new possibilities for creativity and progress.

StreetShares

StreetShares is a/an/the leading platform/company/solution for small/medium-sized/local businesses. It provides access to/funding through/capital in the form of loans/investment/credit, specifically designed/tailored/optimized for the needs of entrepreneurs/business owners/startups. With a focus on transparency/community/collaboration, StreetShares strives to empower/support/assist businesses by offering competitive rates/flexible terms/attractive options.

  • Founded in/Established during/Created by 2013/the year 2015/a few years ago, StreetShares has helped/supported/funded thousands of/numerous/a large number of businesses across the United States/country/nation.
  • Their/Its/The company's mission is to provide financial inclusion/make financing accessible/bridge the funding gap for emerging/growing/aspiring businesses.

Moreover/Additionally/Furthermore, StreetShares offers educational resources/training programs/valuable tools to help businesses succeed/thrive/grow.

Harnessing Regulation A+ for Successful Fundraising

Regulation A+ has emerged as a popular avenue for companies aiming capital. This regulation allows public companies to raise substantial sums of funds via a streamlined methodology.

Investors are lured to Regulation A+ offerings due owing to the potential for significant returns. Moreover, Regulation A+ extends entities with a means to access a broader network.

A thriving Regulation A+ fundraising campaign relies on several key components. These include a attractive business strategy, a clear communication system, and a dedicated team.

Ultimately, Regulation A+ offers a feasible pathway for businesses to secure funding.

EquityNet

EquityNet provides services to support small companies. Through its online network, EquityNet links individuals who invest with viable ventures. The system features a variety of resources to streamline the funding process, such as due diligence information, investor matching, and deal management. EquityNet plays an critical role in the landscape of emerging financing.

Regulation A+ Offerings

Companies looking to raise capital may consider Regulation A+ offerings as a less stringent alternative to traditional Initial Public Offerings. This structure allows companies to raise up to $75 million from the public in a manner that expedites the fundraising process. Compliance remains crucial, however, as companies must adhere to stringent disclosure requirements and filing procedures. Successful Reg A+ offerings can provide companies with valuable capital to support growth and expansion.

  • Key advantages of Regulation A+ include its relatively simple process, lower expenses, and the ability to tap into a larger investor base.
  • Potential drawbacks to be aware of include the ongoing disclosure requirements and the need for thorough legal advice throughout the process.

Understanding Regulation in Crowdfunding

The landscape of crowdfunding is experiencing significant expansion, presenting both possibilities and obstacles. Regulations play a crucial role in defining this dynamic {environment|. This demands a thorough knowledge of the current guidelines governing crowdfunding businesses.

Financial authorities worldwide are steadily striving to establish clear guidelines that promote responsible and sustainable crowdfunding initiatives. These regulations aim to safeguard both investors and businesses while guaranteeing a level playing field for all {stakeholders|.

Compliance is imperative for crowdfunding players to operate within the law. Failure to adhere with applicable laws can incur substantial fines. Consequently,, it is critical for crowdfunding players to stay informed of the latest regulatory developments. , understanding and navigating regulations is integral for the long-term success and stability of the crowdfunding industry.

Offering Requirements

When governing offerings, it's essential to establish clear and comprehensive standards. These guidelines aim to guarantee that offerings meet predetermined benchmarks of quality, protection, and compliance with pertinent laws and standards. Businesses seeking to offer their offerings must comply these requirements to operate within the system of legal and ethical limitations.

  • For instance, offerings in the clinical industry are subject to stringent regulations regarding patient security and data protection.
  • Conversely, financial products must adhere to strict compliance standards to prevent misconduct and protect customers.

Regulation A+ Investopedia

Understanding regulation is crucial for traders. Investopedia's comprehensive guide on regulation provides insight into the nuances of financial systems. From derivatives to insurance, Investopedia's articles demystify key concepts related to governing frameworks. Whether you are a newcomer or an experienced trader, Investopedia's A+ regulation content broadens your understanding in this evolving field.

Regulating A+ Companies

The landscape of A+ companies is constantly transforming, presenting both opportunities and challenges for regulators. These high-performing entities often operate at the leading position of innovation, pushing the thresholds of what's possible. However, their success can also generate complex implications that require careful evaluation. Regulators must aim to foster a regulatory environment that is both conducive of innovation while also guaranteeing ethical business practices.

This balancing act requires a nuanced approach, one that acknowledges the unique characteristics of A+ companies and their impact on the broader market.

There are several key areas where regulation of A+ companies must be thoroughly considered. These include:

* Data privacy and security:

A+ companies often collect and utilize vast amounts of insights, raising concerns about the preservation of personal information.

* Algorithmic transparency and accountability:

As A+ companies increasingly rely on software systems, it is vital to ensure that these algorithms are understandable and held accountable for their decisions.

* Competition and market dominance:

The success of A+ companies can sometimes lead to concerns about oligopoly, which could harm consumer well-being.

Tackling these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder effort involving regulators, A+ companies, researchers, and the society at large. Through open dialogue, it is possible to develop regulatory frameworks that promote both innovation and the prosperity of society.

Governance A+ Summary

Regulations ensure a level playing field within industries by setting norms. A+ summaries usually highlight key aspects of these regulations, presenting a concise summary for stakeholders. These summaries are essential for understanding adherence requirements and comprehending the complexities of regulatory frameworks.

  • Key benefits of regulation A+ summaries encompass:
  • Enhanced understanding of regulatory requirements
  • Facilitated compliance processes
  • Reduced risk exposure

Guidelines in the Real Estate Industry

The real estate market is a complex ecosystem governed by/regulated through/controlled by strict/comprehensive/robust regulations/laws/guidelines. These rules/standards/policies are designed to/implemented for/intended to protect/safeguard/ensure consumers, promote fairness/maintain transparency/foster ethical conduct in transactions, and prevent/mitigate/address fraudulent activities. Real estate professionals, including brokers/agents/developers, are required to/expected to/obligated to comply with/adhere to/follow these regulations/guidelines/standards.

  • Notable/Key/Important aspects of/areas covered by/issues addressed by regulation in the real estate industry include/encompass/address property disclosures/listings/transactions, agency relationships/client representation/confidentiality agreements, fair housing practices/anti-discrimination policies/equal opportunity laws, and real estate financing/mortgage lending/loan servicing.

Understanding/Being aware of/Familiarizing oneself with these regulations/the regulatory landscape/legal framework is essential for/crucial to/highly important for anyone involved in/participating in/engaged in the real estate market.

Our Mini-IPO First JOBS Act Company Goes Public Via Reg A+ on OTCQX

After a lengthy period of preparation and persistence, our company is thrilled to announce its public debut via a Regulation A+ offering on the OTCQX marketplace. This milestone represents a significant achievement for us as we embrace this new chapter of growth and opportunity.

Our team believe that this listing will provide enhanced visibility to our investors and future stakeholders, while also allowing us to attract the capital necessary to drive our next phase of expansion. We are optimistic about the future and anticipate to share our success with all of you.

Empowers Reg A+ raises on the platform

FundersClub, a well-established online equity crowdfunding platform, unveils a new feature that supports companies to conduct Reg A+ raises directly on its website. This move enhances FundersClub's offerings, giving companies opportunity to a wider pool of investors. With Reg A+, companies can attract up to $50 million from the retail investors. FundersClub's streamlined platform facilitates the fundraising process for companies, making it easier than ever before to leverage the power of crowdfunding.

What is Regulation A+

Regulation A+, often referred to as "Reg A+" for brevity, is a/acts as/constitutes a financing exemption within the U.S. securities laws. It allows companies to raise capital from the general public through a process/method/system known as crowdfunding. The goal of Reg A+ is to provide smaller businesses with a more accessible path to raising funds, compared to traditional methods like initial public offerings (IPOs).

Under Reg A+, companies can offer and sell their securities directly to investors online or through broker-dealers. There are two tiers within Reg A+: Tier 1 allows companies to raise up to $20 million within a twelve/one/specified month period, while Tier 2 permits fundraising of up to $75 million over a similar timeframe.

To participate in a Reg A+ offering, investors typically must complete a simple verification process to ensure they meet certain income or net worth requirements. These offerings can be found on specialized Reg A+/Regulation A+ crowdfunding platforms/crowdfunding portals.

These platforms act as intermediaries, connecting companies with potential investors and facilitating the entire fundraising procedure/process/cycle.

Navigating the Regulatory Landscape During IPOs

Bringing a company public through an Initial Public Offering (IPO) is a complex undertaking, requiring meticulous planning and adherence to stringent regulations. The regulatory landscape surrounding IPOs can be particularly intricate, involving multiple authorities at both the federal and state levels. To ensure a successful IPO, companies must navigate these regulatory hurdles effectively by complying with transparency requirements, undergoing due diligence processes, and adhering to market integrity principles. Failure to do so can result in significant penalties, legal challenges, and damage to the company's reputation.

  • Corporations planning an IPO must engage with regulatory experts to ensure full compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
  • The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) plays a crucial role in overseeing the IPO process, examining financial statements and other reports.
  • Corporations must reveal material information to potential investors to ensure transparency and safeguard investor interests.

Reg A+ Securities Issuances

Reg A+ offerings present a unique pathway for companies to raise capital in the public markets. By leveraging this provision, companies can access investments from a wider pool of investors. This process typically involves filing a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) outlining the company's business model. Reg A+ offerings are commonly used by companies in various industries, particularly those seeking to fuel growth.

  • Some notable benefits of Reg A+ offerings include:A key advantage of Reg A+ offerings is the ability for companies to raise funds directly from investors without relying on traditional underwriting fees. This can lead to significant cost savings and allow companies to retain a larger portion of the capital raised.
  • Another benefit is the increased visibility that comes with launching a public offering.{Reg A+ offerings also provide companies with enhanced brand recognition and media attention, which can be invaluable for attracting new customers and partners.

However, it's important to note that Reg A+ offerings are not without their challenges. Companies must comply with stringent SEC regulations and prepare comprehensive disclosure documents. It also requires significant effort and resources to effectively market the offering to potential investors.

Framework A+ Policies

The application of Regulation A+ standards plays a vital role in promoting accountability within the financial markets. They act as a framework for responsible conduct by participants involved in offering securities. Adhering to Regulation A+ regulations is essential for investors to maintain market integrity.

A robust understanding of Regulation A+ obligations allows both issuers and investors to make informed decisions in the capital markets.

Moreover, Regulation A+ establishes a clear process for companies can access capital while protecting the integrity of the markets.

SlideShare regulation a securities act of 1933 jobs act 106 reg A tier 2 offering

The JOBS Act, specifically Section 106, modified Reg A+ as a streamlined mechanism for smaller companies to raise capital. This level 2 capital campaign under Reg A+ allows companies to advertise their securities offerings through various channels, including SlideShare, to engage potential investors. SlideShare's platform can be a valuable tool for companies seeking to meet the disclosure provisions of Reg A+ Tier 2 by providing a accessible format to present their financial information and business plan with a wider audience.

  • Note: SlideShare's community guidelines should be carefully reviewed to ensure compliance with securities laws and regulations.

Controlling a Text Effectively

When dealing with text, control becomes essential for reaching desired outcomes. This mechanism involves establishing clear rules to ensure coherence and accuracy.

Regulations for text can address a diverse variety of aspects, including style, voice, and content. By utilizing these guidelines, we can improve the readability of text and minimize misinterpretations.

  • Effective text regulation enhances to clear communication.
  • Regulations promote credibility in written works.
  • Uniform text improves the overall value of any textual work.

Regulation a+ Offering

A regulated a+ offering requires a thorough understanding of the evolving regulatory environment. This involves analyzing relevant regulations and adopting robust procedures to ensure adherence. A robust a+ offering should also enable disclosure and foster assurance with stakeholders.

  • Essential factors when developing a regulation a+ offering include: risk management, data security, consumer protection

Regulation A Plus Advantage

When it comes to regulations, a "plus" often signifies a favorable impact. A regulatory framework that's well-designed and skillfully implemented can improve stability. It can also cultivate development by providing a consistent environment for businesses to prosper. This, in turn, can lead to industrial advancement and a higher level of living. Ultimately, "regulation a plus" results into a healthier society for all.

Regulation D

When a business is seeking to raise capital, they have several alternatives available. Two common methods are Regulation A and Regulation D. Regulation A is a category of securities offering that allows companies to raise up to $50 million from the public, while Regulation D is used for private placements, permitting companies to sell securities to a limited number of investors.

  • extends greater public visibility, but it also involves more strict requirements.
  • {Regulation D|Reg D|concentrates on private placements, making it a good choice for companies seeking less public scrutiny.

Ultimately, the best regulation will depend on the company's specific circumstances and its goals.

Regulation A under the FRB

FRB Regulation A is a framework/lays out guidelines/establishes parameters for financial institutions to follow. It focuses on safeguarding/protecting/securing depositors and maintaining financial stability/the integrity of/a sound banking system. The regulation covers/addresses/deals with a wide range/broad spectrum/comprehensive set of activities, including capital requirements/asset allocation/risk management. By adhering to these rules/provisions/mandates, financial institutions contribute to/help ensure/play a vital role in the stability and soundness of the overall financial market/economy/system.

Privacy Officer

A Privacy Officer is a role responsible for overseeing an organization's compliance with privacy regulations. This essential leader works to maintain policies that preserve personal records. They also {act as arepresentative between the organization and authorities, offering support on data protection matters.

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Approves New “Reg A+” Rules for Crowdfunding

In a significant move to revitalize the crowdfunding industry, the SEC|U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has adopted new rules for “Reg A+”. This regulatory framework is designed to enable businesses to raise investment from a wider pool of investors.

  • Reg A+, formerly known as Regulation A, now allows companies to issue their securities to the public excluding the established IPO process.
  • The new rules clarify existing regulations, providing companies with more freedom in how they raise capital.
  • Such developments are expected to {have apositive impact on the crowdfunding landscape, creating more opportunities for both companies seeking funding and individuals looking to invest.

Regulation A+ vs Regulation D

When procuring capital for a new business venture, entrepreneurs often confront the complexities of securities law. Two common avenues for securing these ventures are Regulation A+ and Regulation D, each with its own distinct rules. Regulation A+, also known as public offering , permits companies to raise considerable amounts of capital from the wider public. In contrast, Regulation D is primarily designed for private placements where investments are made by a limited number of accredited investors.

Rule 506 of Regulation D further categorizes private placements into two distinct categories: Rule 506(b) and Rule 506(c). Under Rule 506(b), companies can {raise funds from an unlimited number of accredited investors, but are restricted to offering securities to a maximum of 35 non-accredited investors. Rule 506(c), on the other hand, offers more flexibility by allowing companies to advertise and solicit investments from both accredited and non-accredited investors, contingent upon they conduct due diligence to verify investor credentials .

Choosing between Regulation A+ and Regulation D involves carefully considering various factors such as the amount of capital required, target audience, regulatory compliance burden, and overall goals of the business.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *